Notes and methodological comments
(Gross earnings in Europe 2002)
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| This interactive element deals with core results of the Structure of Earnings Survey for the reference year 2002 (SES 2002). The European survey provides harmonised micro-data on earnings for different economic activities in 24 of the 25 EU member states (all except Malta), two candidate countries (Bulgaria, Romania) and for Norway. The data were released by Eurostat in June 2005. The SES 2002 provides detailed information on the level of renumeration and individual characteristics of employees and characteristics of the local unit or enterprise to which the employees are attached. The renumeration refers in the majority of the countries to employees in enterprises with at least 10 employees. It is gross earnings paid in cash by the employer, before tax deductions and social contributions. Monthly earnings only include payments paid in each pay period whereas annual earnings also contain bonuses and allowances which are not paid regularly. Hours paid cover normal and overtime hours. All data cover full-time employees as well as part-time employees. The data for part-time employees are grossed-up to those for full-time employees. |
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| This interactive element presents the SES 2002 core results in an aggregated form and does not include any breakdown of earnings to individual characteristics of employees, except a breakdown of hourly earnings by sex. The gender pay gap, expressed as women´s earnings in percentages of men´s earnings, is unadjusted and needs to be adjusted for human capital differences, such as differences in educational levels and work experience. The focus lies on comparing average hourly, monthly and annual earnings as well as hours paid in the reference month between countries and also between different economic activities. |
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| The countries sent their data on earnings to Eurostat in national currencies. The comparison of earnings is either in euro (implies conversion of earnings for all countries outside the euro zone to euro) or in PPS values (implies conversion of all national currencies to Purchase Power Standards, artificial units). The use of PPS values removes currency effects and takes different levels of living costs between countries into account. |
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| Countries and codes |
| EU Member States |
| Belgium |
BE |
| Czech Republic |
CZ |
| Denmark |
DK |
| Germany |
DE |
| Estonia |
EE |
| Greece |
EL |
| Spain |
ES |
| France |
FR |
| Ireland |
IE |
| Italy |
IT |
| Cyprus |
CY |
| Latvia |
LV |
| Lithuania |
LT |
| Luxembourg |
LU |
| Hungary |
HU |
| Netherlands |
NL |
| Austria |
AT |
| Poland |
PL |
| Portugal |
PT |
| Slovenia |
SI |
| Slovak Republic |
SK |
| Finland |
FI |
| Sweden |
SE |
| United Kingdom |
UK |
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| Candidate countries |
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| EFTA countries |
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| In addition, the country aggregates EU-25 (all 25 EU member states), EU-15 (EU member states before May 2004) and NMS (new member states since May 2004) are used. |
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| Economic activities (NACE sections) |
| C |
Mining and quarrying |
| D |
Manufacturing |
| E |
Electricity, gas and water supply |
| F |
Construction |
| G |
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and personal & household goods |
| H |
Hotels and restaurants |
| I |
Transport, storage and communication |
| J |
Financial intermediation |
| K |
Real estate, renting and business activities |
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| The aggregates C-F, G-K and C-K denote "Industry", "Services" and "Industry and Services", respectively. The codes above refer to the classification NACE which is the general classification of economic activities within the European Communities. NACE is the French acronym for "nomenclature générale des activités économiques". |
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| Use of bar charts and boxplots for visualising core SES 2002 results |
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| The graphical comparison of hourly, monthly and annual earnings or hours paid in the reference month is carried out by means of bar charts and boxplots. |
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| A bar chart is a graphical tool which represents each element xi (i = 1, 2, .. , n) of a data set by means of a bar. The length of the bar is identical with the numerical value of the corresponding element. |
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| A boxplot aggregates the information contained in a given data set by displaying five characteristics of the set. It is defined by a box of length x0.75 - x0.25 (interquartile range), the median x0.5 (marked inside the box) and the two extreme values xmin and xmax
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